Exelon 4.6 mg/24h, 9.5 mg/24h, 13.3 mg/24h transdermal patch - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) by Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd.![]() NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEWNOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEWHTML Full Text. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEWR. R. Bhagwat* and I. S. Vaidhya. Department of Quality Assurance, Dr. Hiranandani College of Pharmacy, C. H. M. College Campus, Opp. Rly Stn., Ulhasnagar- 4.
Scopolamine is a tropane alkaloid derived from plants of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), specifically Hyoscyamus niger and Atropa belladonna, with anticholinergic. Maharashtra, India. ABSTRACT: Evolution of an existing drug molecule from a conventional form to a novel delivery system can significantly improve its performance in terms of patient compliance, safety and efficacy. In the form of a Novel Drug Delivery System an existing drug molecule can get a new life. An appropriately designed Novel Drug Delivery System can be a major advance for solving the problems related towards the release of the drug at specific site with specific rate. The need for delivering drugs to patients efficiently and with fewer side effects has prompted pharmaceutical companies to engage in the development of new drug delivery system. This article covers the basic information regarding Novel Drug Delivery Systems and also different types of the same. Drug release, Dosage forms, Novel drug delivery system, herbal formulations. INTRODUCTION: The methodby which a drug is delivered can have a significant effect on its efficacy. Some drugs have an optimum concentration range within which maximum benefit is derived, and concentrations above or below this range can be toxic or produce no therapeutic benefit at all 1. On the other hand, the very slow progress in the efficacy of the treatment of severe diseases, has suggested a growing need for a multidisciplinary approach to the delivery of therapeutics to targets in tissues. From this, new ideas on controlling the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, non- specific toxicity, immunogenicity, biorecognition, and efficacy of drugs were generated. These new strategies, often called drug delivery systems (DDS), which are based on interdisciplinary approaches that combine polymer science, pharmaceutics, bioconjugate chemistry, and molecular biology. To minimize drug degradation and loss, to prevent harmful side- effects and to increase drug bioavailability and the fraction of the drug accumulated in the required zone, various drug delivery and drug targeting systems are currently under development 1. Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery which was only a dream or at best a possibility is now a reality. During the last decade and half pharmaceutical and other scientists have carried out extensive and intensive investigations in this field of drug research. Among drug carriers one can name soluble polymers, microparticles made of insoluble or biodegradable, natural and synthetic polymers, microcapsules, cells, cell ghosts, lipoproteins, liposomes, and micelles. The carriers can be made slowly degradable, stimuli- reactive (e. H- or temperature- sensitive), and even targeted (e. Targeting is the ability to direct the drug- loaded system to the site of interest. Two major mechanisms can be distinguished for addressing the desired sites for drug release: (i) Passive and; (ii) Active targeting 1. An example of passive targeting is the preferential accumulation of chemotherapeutic agents in solid tumors as a result of the enhanced vascular permeability of tumor tissues compared with healthy tissue. A strategy that could allow active targeting involves the surface functionalization of drug carriers with ligands that are selectively recognized by receptors on the surface of the cells of interest. Since ligand–receptor interactions can be highly selective, this could allow a more precise targeting of the site of interest (see fig. FIGURE 1: TYPES OF DRUG DELIVERYAny drug delivery system may be defined as a system comprising of: a) Drug formulationb) Medical device or dosage form/technology to carry the drug inside the bodyc) Mechanism for the release. Conventional drug delivery involves the formulation of the drug into a suitable form, such as a compressed tablet for oral administration or a solution for intravenous administration. These dosage forms have been found to have serious limitations in terms of higher dosage required, lower effectiveness, toxicity and adverse side effects. New drug delivery systems have been developed or are being developed to overcome the limitation of the conventional drug delivery systems to meet the need of the healthcare profession. These systems can be characterised as controlled drug release systems and targeted drug delivery systems. The therapeutic benefits of these new systems include: Increased efficacy of the drug. Site specific delivery. Decreased toxicity/side effects. Increased convenience. Viable treatments for previously incurable diseases. Potential for prophylactic applications. Better patient compliance. There is no uniform and established definition of drug delivery systems. It is assumed to be based on two basic parameters: Route of entry (A) and Dosage form (B). Any member of the cartesian product of (A X B) is defined as a drug delivery system. Such a definition implies that there are a vast number of members in this group. Many of them may not even be feasible, while many others may not be relevant. So, the set of most relevant new drug delivery systems is deduced as follows: Various Drug Delivery Systems: Carrier based Drug Delivery System: A) Liposomes. B) Nanoparticles. C) Microspheres. D) Monoclonal antibodies. E) Niosomes. F) Resealed erythrocytes as drug carriers. Trasdermal Drug Delivery Systems: A) Sonophoresis. Mucoadhesive delivery systems. Supramolecular delivery systems. Variable release delivery systems. B) Osmotic pump. C) Microencapsulation. Drug Delivery Carriers: Colloidal drug carrier systems such as micellar solutions, vesicle and liquid crystal dispersions, as well as nanoparticle dispersions consisting of small particles of 1. When developing these formulations, the goal is to obtain systems with optimized drug loading and release properties, long shelf- life and low toxicity 2. The incorporated drug participates in the microstructure of the system, and may even influence it due to molecular interactions, especially if the drug possesses amphiphilic and/or mesogenic properties (see fig. FIGURE 2: DIFFERENT PHARMACEUTICAL CARRIERSPharmaceutical Carriers: Micelles formed by self- assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers (5- 5. The drugs can be physically entrapped in the core of block copolymer micelles and transported at concentrations that can exceed their intrinsic water- solubility. Moreover, the hydrophilic blocks can form hydrogen bonds with the aqueous surroundings and form a tight shell around the micellar core. As a result, the contents of the hydrophobic core are effectively protected against hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation. In addition, the corona may prevent recognition by the reticuloendothelial system and therefore preliminary elimination of the micelles from the bloodstream. A final feature that makes amphiphilic block copolymers attractive for drug delivery applications is the fact that their chemical composition, total molecular weight and block length ratios can be easily changed, which allows control of the size and morphology of the micelles. Functionalization of block copolymers with crosslinkable groups can increase the stability of the corresponding micelles and improve their temporal control. Substitution of block copolymer micelles with specific ligands is a very promising strategy to a broader range of sites of activity with a much higher selectivity 3 (see fig. FIGURE 3: MECHANISM OF MICELLE FORMATIONLiposomes: Liposomes are a form of vesicles that consist either of many, few or just one phospholipid bilayers. The polar character of the liposomal core enables polar drug molecules to be encapsulated. Amphiphilic and lipophilic molecules are solubilised within the phospholipid bilayer according to their affinity towards the phospholipids. Free Online Physician - Patient Smoking Cessation Resources. Health care professionals know that quitting smoking may be the single greatest factor toward improving a patient's overall health and quality of life. Reality is, adequately armed, a trusted medical professional, you remain perfectly positioned to make a major difference. How to help your smoking patients quit smoking. While health professionals know the benefits of smoking cessation they are not always informed or trained on successful interventions. Not only did cold turkey roughly double NRT and Zyban quitting rates, it accounted for 9. Even a June 2. 00. Glaxo. Smith. Kline study by the maker of Nicorette gum and Zyban was forced to report that its own quitting survey found that cold turkey quitters trounced those using approved quitting products. Medical professionals have seen a rash of recent population level studies find approved products ineffective (see Pierce 2. Alpert 2. 01. 2, Ferguson 2. Hartman 2. 00. 6 . A March 2. 00. 3 meta- analysis by GSK consultants found that 9. NRT products relapsed to smoking within six- months. On July 1, 2. 00. FDA announced black box warnings for both Chantix and Zyban due to . In both, Chantix failed to show statistical significance over nicotine patch when assessing the percentage of users within each group who were not smoking at 2. No matter how much or how long a patient has smoked nicotine they need to understand that the possibility of quitting exists for them. Motivation Nicotine dependent patients who try quitting and fail generally attribute relapse to a lack of strength or willpower. 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